章学诚“别识心裁”说再议——兼论中西史学比较的本质与目标//[A Rethink of Zhang Xuecheng’s Theory of “Creating a New View”:On the Essence and Goal of the Comparative Research on Chinese and Western Historiographies]

Zhang Xuecheng's theory of “Creating a New View” is based on the work of making skill and temperament together, and it focuses on academic origins and aims. Finally, Zhang formed his own historical theory. Against the background of integration of Chinese and Western cultures, Yu Yingshi reviewed Zhang Xuecheng's theory with Collingwood's ideas, and thus revealed the consistency of essence, methods and logics of Chinese and Western historiographies, and his aim is “seeking common ground on China and Western world”. Zhang Rulun noticed the different traditions on Chinese and Western historiographies, and advocated that scholars should have a deep and detailed understanding of the characteristics of the two sides and made the comparative research with a neutral attitude, so he paid attention to differences on Chinese and Western civilization. During this argument, modern concepts such as subjectivity and objectivity, subject and object, ideas, thought and methods are integrated into research on traditional Chinese historiography. The translation of Chinese and Western historiographical terms is helpful for building general context, that is building similarities and differences. The goal of the comparative research on Chinese and Western historiographies is to seek universality and confirm uniqueness, so scholars should grasp the thread and basic spirits, and construct a clear “self” which is more in line with universality and their own tradition.
在中国传统学术语境下,章学诚"别识心裁"说的理论基础（功力必兼性情）、获致途径（辨章学术,考镜源流）以及中心主旨（纲纪天人、推明大道以及成一家之言）皆有其自身的脉络。而处于中西学术交融的背景下,余英时以科林伍德的观点检讨章学诚"别识心裁"说,并由此揭示中西史学的本质、方法以及历史思维的一致性,意在"求同";张汝伦则立足中西思想文化传统的差异批判余英时的观点,主张"比较者对被比较者双方的特征都有深入细致的了解,以相对超然的态度进行比较",重在"存异"。余、张二人关于科林伍德所谓内在、外在、心灵、先验、建构自我权威与章学诚所谓言、事、心术、性情、史义之异同的争论,恰从正反两方面将主观与客观、主体与客体、观念、思维、方法等现代概念有机融入到传统史学之中。其实,中西史学词汇对译互释的过程也是在酝酿形成新的中西史学共通的学术语境,建构新的"异中之同"与"同中之异";中西史学比较的本质与目标是探寻普遍性（同）、确认独特性（异）,即于古今嬗变、中西互镜中把握、阐明中西史学的主脉与精神,建构更加符合普遍性而又吻合自身传统的清晰明确的"自我"。